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Russia ( Russian Federation
) |
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862 Grand Principality of Kiev Rus
to 1240.
1147 Moscow founded.
1157 Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal to 1327.
1362 Kiev annexed to Lithuania.
1240 Russian states under Mongol suzerainty to 1480.
1327 Grand Principality of Vladimir and Moscow.
1348 Pskov Republic independent to 1510.
1462 Grand Principality Muscovy ( Moscow ).
1547 Russian Tsardom
1721 All-Russian Empire
1809 Personal union with Finland to 1917.
1812 French under Napoleon occupy Moscow.
1815 Personal union with Poland to 1916.
1906 Russian Empire ( or State of Russia )
1917 Russian Republic / Russian Soviet Republic, etc.
1918 Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet
Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia,
and
Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and
Georgia).
1925 Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya, Finno-Karelia,
Moldavia,
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia to 1940.
1991 Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian
independence.
1991 Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R.
independent as Russia.
1992 Russian Federation ( or Russia ) |
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1693 
1693
1698
1712
1858
1914 
1917
1918
1918
1920
1921 
1937
1954
1991
1993 
Now
¡@
USSR (Soviet Union)
1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1922 
1991 |
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Estonia (
Republic of Estonia ) |
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1211
Estonian Bishopric, established by the bishop of Riga.
1219 Danish rule (Estonian Duchy) in Reval (Tallinn)
and northern part of present-day Estonia.
1224 Estonian bishop takes temporal authority over the southern part as
a sovereign prince-bishop of the Holy Roman Empire.
1237 Swordbrothers Order incorporated into the Teutonic
Order as a separate branch or province,
informally known as the Livonian Order.
1584 Territories annexed by Sweden are organized as the Duchy or
Province of Estonia.
1721 Duchy of Estonia formally ceded by Sweden to Russia.
1775 Subordinated, to
governors-general or other overall
administrations of the Baltic Provinces to 1917.
1783 Province of Estonia, local autonomy is abolished.
1796 Limited local autonomy for Estonia restored.
1917 Bolshevik government abolishes autonomy.
1917 Estonian Provisional Province Assembly proclaimed itself as supreme
power in Estonia.
1918
Estonian Liberation Committee appointed by
the Provisional Government of Estonia declares
independence ( Republic of Estonia ).
1918 Occupied by Germany, part of the Baltic State.
1918 Provisional government of Estonia founded on
1918 is restored ( Republic of Estonia
[restored] ).
1918 Estonian Conciliar ( "Soviet" ) Republic to 1919.
1940 Occupied by the Soviet Union.
1940 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
1940 Incorporation into Soviet Union ( not
internationally recognized ).
1941 Occupied by Germany, part of Reichskommissariat
of Ostland to 1944.
1944 Brief restoration of the Republic of Estonia.
1944 Reincorporation into the Soviet Union ( not
internationally recognized ).
1990 Republic of Estonia
1991 Independence declared, recognized by Soviet Union. |
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1561
1718 ... 1828
1858
1914
1917
 1918
1918
1918
1918
1919
1940
1953
1990
Now |
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Latvia (
Republic of Latvia ) |
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853 First written records of a state
(Regnum Cori) in present-day Latvia.
1201 Seat of bishopric of Livonia moved from Üxküll (Ikskile)
to the newly founded city of Riga.
1237 Swordbrothers Order is incorporated into the
Teutonic Order as a separate branch or
province.
1253 Archbishop of Livonia, Prussia and Estonia, previously having no
separate diocese, becomes also the bishop of Riga.
1366 Already nominal suzerainty of archbishop of Riga
over the possessions of the Livonian Order is
formally abolished.
1413 Livonian knights are entitled to elect their
Land-Master. The Livonian Order becomes fully
autonomous.
1420 Livonian Confederation (Livländischer
Bund) established.
1526 Land-Master of Livonian Order granted.
1621 Sweden occupies Livonia, and annexes it de jure 1660.
1701 Courland and Semigallia occupied by Sweden and
Russia to 1709.
1889 Full integration of Livonia and Courland into the
Russian Empire.
1915 Courland gradually occupied by the Germans.
1917 Autonomous Latvian Soviet government within the
Russian Soviet Republic declared.
1918 German administrations for the Administrative
Regions of Livonia, Estonia, Courland, Ösel and Riga.
1918 Independence of the Baltic State is recognized by
Germany.
1918 Independence ( Republic of Latvia ) declared by the
Latvian People's Council, formed in 1918.
1920 Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic dissolved,
Soviet Russian troops leave in 1920, independence recognized by Russia.
1940 Occupied by the Soviet Union, Renamed Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic.
1940 Incorporation into Soviet Union ( the move is not
internationally recognized ).
1941 Gradually occupied by Germany.
1941 Independence of the Republic of Latvia declared.
1944 Gradually re-occupied by Soviets.
1945 Autonomous state ( Latvia ) declared under the
German protectorate.
1945 Independence of the Republic of Latvia declared.
1990 Republic of Latvia
1991 Independence declared, recognized by Soviet Union. |
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Unknown 
1795
1858
1914
1917
1917 
1918
1918
1918
 1919
1920
1940
1953
 1990
Now |
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Lithuania (
Republic of Lithuania ) |
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1203 Semi-legendary Grand Principality
of Lithuania, ruled by a
grand prince of Lithuania.
1251 Lithuania recognized as a state by Pope Innocent
IV.
1401 Jogaila oversees the successive grand princes
of
Lithuania with the style "Supreme Prince of
Lithuania" to 1434.
1691 Lordships of Tauroggen (Taurage) and Serrey
(Seiriai) in Prussian possession.
1702 Occupied by Sweden to 1709.
1772 First partition of Poland-Lithuania by Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1793 Second partition by Russia and Prussia.
1795 Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1795 Russian province of Vilenskaya Guberniya.
1797 Renamed Litovksaya Guberniya.
1801 Divided into two provinces: Vilenskaya and
Grodnenskaya.
1812 Occupied by France.
1915 Lithuania ( Russian provinces of Kaunas
and Vilnius ) gradually occupied by Germans. uania
in Vilnius.
1917 Declaration of the reestablishment of Lithuanian
independence by Lithuanian National Council.
1918 Full independence of State of Lithuania declared
by Lithuanian Regional Council, which is
renamed Lithuanian State Council.
1918 Monarchy abolished ( Republic of Lithuania ).
1918 Lithuanian Conciliar Republic ( in opposition to
the Republic of Lithuania ), recognized by
Soviet Russia.
1920 Independence recognized by Russia.
1940 Occupied by the Soviet Union.
1940 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.
1940 Incorporation into Soviet Union ( not
internationally recognized ).
1941 Gradually occupied by Germany.
1941 Independence of the Republic of Lithuania declared.
1944 Gradually re-occupied by the Soviet Union to 1945.
1990 Independence declared, Republic of Lithuania, recognized by Soviet Union. |
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Unknown
1795
1858
1914
1917
 1917
1918
1918
1918
1919
 1919
1940 
1941
1944
 1953
1989
2004
Now |
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Belarus (
Republic of Belarus ) |
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862 Polacak principality - Belarusian
historical
beginnings.
1240 Part of Lithuania.
1569 Part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1917 Reorganized as Great Belorussian Rada, claims
autonomy for Belarus within Russia.
1918 German occupation.
1918 Independence ( Belorussian Republic ).
1918 Belorussian People's Republic proclaimed at
Minsk by the Rada.
1919 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (part
of U.S.S.R).
1919 Part of "Litbel" ( Lithuanian-Belorussian
S.S.R.,
see under Lithuania ).
1919 Polish occupation, Belorussian People's Republic ( restored ) under
Polish occupation.
1920 Russian occupation, Soviet rule restored, Belorussian Rada again goes
into exile.
1920 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1922 Founding component of Soviet Union.
1939 Western Belarus reincorporated into Byelorussian
S.S.R.
1941 Occupied by Germany to 1944.
1991 Independence declared, Republic of Belarus. |
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1828
1858
1914
1917
1918
 1919
1919
1924
1940
 1951
1991
1995
Now |
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| Ukraine (
Ukraine ) |
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882 Grand Principality of Kiev Rus.
1327/1241 The Mongols subdue most of the regional
principalities of Kiev Rus'.
1340/1363 Most of northern Ukraine part of Lithuania.
1569 In the Union of Lublin transferred from Lithuania
to Poland.
1649 Recognized by Poland as
autonomous Hetmanate, known as the Ukrainian
Cossack Republic.
1654 Under Russian sovereignty.
1658 Under Polish sovereignty.
1667 Provisionally partitioned between Poland and Russia. Russia
obtained Left-Bank.
1917 Declares itself autonomous within Russia.
1917 Ukrainian Democratic Republic
1917 Ukrainian People's Republic ( communist ) ( independence from
Russia ).
1918 Ukrainian People's Republic ( non-communist )
( independence from Russia ).
1918 Soviet Russian occupation, German and Austro-Hungarian occupation.
1918 Ukrainian State
1918 Hetmanate of Ukraine
1918 Ukrainian People's Republic ( non-communist )
( restored ).
1918 Allied occupation of Odessa to 1919.
1919 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic founded.
1921 Non-communist Ukraine absorbed by Soviet Ukraine.
1922 Founding component of the Soviet Union.
1941 Occupied by Germany to 1944.
1941 Ukrainian State ( not recognized, disbanded by
Germany ).
1991 Independence as Ukraine ( dissolution of the U.S.S.R. ). |
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1410 
and 
Unknown ... 1693
1693
1698
1712
1848
1917 
1918 
1918 
1919 
1923 
1927 
1930 
1937 
1940 
1949 
1991
1992
Now |
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| Moldova (
Republic of Moldova ) |
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1526 Bessarabia ( Moldova ) part of the
Ottoman Empire.
1788 Principality of Moldova and the southern part
of the natural region of Transnistria were occupied
by Russia.
1812 Bessarabia annexed by Russia.
1828 Bessarabia became a province of Russian.
1917 Moldavian Democratic Republic proclaimed
within Russia.
1918 Council of State proclaims independence from
Russia ( Moldavian Democratic Republic ).
1918 Incorporation into Romania.
1924 Moldavian A.S.S.R. established within the
Ukrainian S.S.R. by Soviet Union.
1940 Bessarabia annexed by the Soviet Union
( from 1940, Moldavian Soviet Socialist
Republic created ).
1941 Incorporation into Romania to 1944.
1947 Incorporation into the Soviet Union.
1990 Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova
1991 Republic of Moldova.
1991 Transdniester declares independence from Moldova
( not recognized ).
1991 Independence effective ( dissolution of U.S.S.R. ).
1994 Referendum rejects union with Romania. |
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Unknown
1812
1858
1914
1917
 1917
1918
1925
1929
 1935
1937
1941
1944
 1952
1990
Now |
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| Poland (
Republic of Poland ) |
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1024 Polish Kingdom (Krolestwo Polskie).
1031 Polish Principality
1076 Polish Kingdom
1079 Polish Principality
1138 Division into several principalities.
1320 All Poland reunited into the Polish Kingdom with
coronation of Wladyslaw I.
1702 Swedish occupation of large parts of Poland to 1710.
1772 First partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
1793 Second partition by Russia and Prussia.
1795 Upon the Third partition by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
1807 Duchy of Warsaw ( in personal union with Saxony ).
1813 Duchy of Warsaw occupied by Russia to 1815.
1815 Republic of Kraków to 1846.
1815 Polish Kingdom, in union with Russia, established by the Congress
of Vienna.
1915 Occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary to 1918.
1916 Granted autonomy by Germany and Austria-Hungary.
1917 Polish Kingdom
1918 Polish State
1918 Polish Republic
1939 German invasion from the west.
1939 Soviet invasion from the east.
1939 The German-occupied area
is partly annexed to Germany, on 1939
the other part becomes the General Government
of Poland.
1941 Germany takes over the Soviet-occupied areas.
1944 Polish Republic
1952 Polish People's Republic
1989 Polish Republic |
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1571
Unknown ... ¡Ó1600
Unknown
1795 ... 1807 1813
1815
1833
1858
1863
 1863
and 
1864
1914
1916
1919
1927
1939
1956
1990
Now |
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| Romania (
Romania ) |
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1541 Moldavia and Walachia part of the Ottoman Empire.
1861 United Rumanian Principalities
1866 Rumania
1877 Independence from Ottoman Empire declared.
1878 Independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin.
1881 Kingdom of Rumania
1916 Occupied by Austria-Hungary and Germany to 1918.
1944 Occupied by Soviet Union to 1947.
1947 Rumanian People's Republic
1965 Socialist Republic of Rumania
1966 Spelling officially changed to Romania.
1989 Romania |
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1859 
1862
1866
1867
1872
 1897
1922
1948
1952
1965
 1989
Now |
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| Bulgaria (
Republic of Bulgaria ) |
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584 Bulgarian Khanate
918 Bulgarian Empire
972 Reincorporated into the Byzantine Empire.
976 Second Bulgarian Empire to 1018.
1185 Bulgarian Empire ( restored ).
1395 Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1877 Russian occupation to 1879.
1879 Principality of Bulgaria ( under Ottoman
suzerainty ) and separate autonomous territory
of Eastern Rumelia.
1908 Tsardom ( Kingdom ) of Bulgaria.
1944 Occupied by Soviet Union to 1947.
1946 People's Republic of Bulgaria
1990 Republic of Bulgaria |
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Unknown
1868
1877
1878
1908
 1944
1946
1971
1990
Now |
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